Good Morning,
I hope you enjoy reading today’s Trench Lincs as my wife and I set off on our travels once again later today. Next week's TL will hopefully arrive in your inbox from ...................? You will just have to wait and see.
Turning back to my comments last week regarding remembrance of the nation's war dead, I wondered if I was becoming a Grumpy Old Man as the whole notion of remembrance seems to have been hijacked by every organisation going.
However, I did receive four excellent replies, and it appears that I am not alone in my thoughts as to how commercial the whole idea of remembrance has become, with Alan Hicks making some very different and very salient points too.
First up was Ray Sellers who notes; 'I totally agree with your sentiments about REMEMBRANCE these days. It now seems to have been HIJACKED! by the media and has now become very COMMERCIALISED. Also, regarding the British Legion, how do they spend the millions they raise each year? [See Alan Hicks' comments below - Ed] With the passing of nearly all the World War II veterans and in comparison, the small numbers of post war veterans still around, it makes you wonder. Am I missing something here? Any thoughts from other readers would be welcome. Another thought provoking Trench Lincs, so keep up the good work.'
It is not just the RBL Ray. The RNLI and BBC Children in Need have all been in the news this last week for hoarding away millions of pounds in charitable donations.
Following Ray was Tony Nutkins, who comments; 'Afternoon Jonathan and thank you for another interesting and thought provoking edition of Trench Lincs, excellent contributions from members as usual.
I must agree with you regarding the various forms that commemoration of our war dead takes these days and the numerous items that are sold to indicate an individuals way of "remembering".
However, and I might get shot down in flames for this, a lot of it is tat pure and simple and the RBL need to take responsibility for promoting all sorts of poppy "memorabilia" which has given a lead to all kinds of other tat coming on to the market. You could spend a day looking at all sorts on e-bay (other auctions sites are available) for differing items of "remembrance" from badges and jewellery to clothing, ornaments, crockery and many others. The object seems to make a profit and I wonder how much of this actually ends up with the service charities?
Maybe I am also a cynical and Grumpy Old Man, but I agree that acts of remembrance should be conducted in a quiet and reflective way.'
You have hit the nail on the head Tony. However, if you disagree, please drop me a line.
Jon Sandison chimed in from Lerwick and writes; 'No Jonathan. You are not becoming a Grumpy Old Man.
Social Media is a new and growing problem. The desire to collect 'Likes' and self promote has a lot to answer for.
I realise that this is the one time of year that everyone pauses to reflect and remember. However, I do find it interesting - not least for those such as us who live and breathe the history of the First World War - how people can make it all about 'them', and not those who went before.'
Well said Jon.
Here are Alan Hicks' thoughts, which I found very pertinent in a well written response. Alan writes; 'Hi Jonathan (or should I say Grumpy Old Man?), [Possibly! - Ed]
In last week's Trench Lincs you asked if others felt, as you do, if current remembrance trends are becoming somewhat ubiquitous and vacuous?
Personally, I have no qualm with the act of remembrance and am generally happy that it seems to have become more widespread in recent years. I do appreciate that those with personal experience of loss may be offended by some current commemoration trends but remembering and appreciating those who made the ultimate sacrifice in any combat theatre must surely be a good thing? My gripe however is that all monies raised by whatever campaign should be channelled to the right causes.
It is my understanding that The Royal British Legion (RBL) holds a trademark on the poppy symbol when it is used as a remembrance tool. I suspect that there are many versions of the little red flower that are sold commercially for which the RBL sees none of the proceeds.
I feel that the massive Paul Cummins "Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red" display at The Tower of London in the centenary year of 2014 triggered much of the current commercial "getting in on the act" drama we see today. That initiative did generate significant funds for good causes by the eventual sale of the ceramic poppies (I bought one) and those funds were distributed amongst six recognised and worthy charitable causes. The RBL was one of the six. Also inspired in 2014 were the many poppy knitters around the UK who now create some lovely heartfelt displays at their local churches or memorials. Income from any donations relating to these knitted poppies may not add to RBL coffers but I'm sure deserving communities benefit from their unselfish efforts.
Staying with the RBL (of which I have no personal experience), I can see that it is a very large and complex organisation providing obviously needed support to veterans in many diverse ways. Browsing its Annual Report and Accounts for the period ending 30/09/2023 I can see that the Poppy Appeal last year gave an income of just over £39m so the sale of the poppy is a hugely important income stream which they need to maximise. On their website there are a myriad of different poppy designs and I assume and hope that my BBC newsreader's sexy crystal gold enamelled brooch came directly from the RBL online shop. I'm sure the Beeb would do the right thing? For your interest I also note that there is a "football pin" range including a Nottingham Forest version which has been conveniently reduced from £6.00 to just £1.99! A bargain I'm sure? [Definitely a bargain but completely unnecessary in my grumpy opinion - Ed]
Staying with the RBL and their financial statements it is, for me, slightly distressing to note that much of the money made from the efforts of its band of over 110,000 loyal volunteers is swallowed by operational costs. To collect the £39m from the 2023 poppy appeal apparently incurred costs of just under £16m. The RBL's annual wage bill alone (including NI contributions and pension costs) was over £66m with over 60 members of staff earning more than £60k pa; some much more. One wonders if there will come a time when income from the noble fundraising efforts of the trusty volunteers is merely spent on keeping the organisation going. I'm not sure that is what Earl Haig envisaged at its inception in 1921.....?'
I replied to Alan's email thus; 'I agree with your general sentiment that it is important to remember the nation’s war dead but some of the more ‘modern’ methods (and modern memorials) leave me cold.
You make a very good point about the operating costs involved at the RBL and thank you for taking the time to look at their accounts. The RBL is not the only charity that has high operating costs and wage bill, and this is only going to get worse following the recent budget. A career as a charity boss is now very lucrative and you only have to look at the job ads for the Third Sector to see this is not a one off.
Personally, I shall continue to be quiet and reflective in my own way, whilst still grumbling about the nylon football shirts on display as a memorial for the Christmas Truce of 1914 near 'Plugstreet'! And the plastic cats and rabbits that purport to be a memorial to the animals that died in the Great War that is such an abomination at Pozieres on the Somme, and I shall continue to rail at the TV celebs wearing their sparkly poppies – but I don’t think I will be alone.
Please let me have any further thoughts.
Knitted poppies adorn the church lych gate at Bingham, Nottinghamshire. I spotted this display last Saturday when I went to watch my oldest grandsons playing football for Bingham Town FC U10s and U8s. I played for Bingham Town from U11 (in those days) through the youth age groups to eventually skippering the 1st XI in the Notts Alliance first division - how the wheel of life rotates! and in between playing and now watching, I refereed my sons up to U18 level - they are now 30 and 33!
Happy Days!
NEWS & EVENTS
Next Meeting – Spalding & South Lincolnshire Branch, WFA – Thursday, November 28th – Spalding Baptist Church, Swan Street, Spalding, PE11 1BT – 7.00 for 7.30 pm.
Alex Keyes presents: “England’s Difficulty is Ireland’s Opportunity; Sir Roger Casement and the German-Irish Brigade.”
Alex Keyes is a serving Prison Officer; formerly at Lincoln he is currently at HMP Berwyn in Wrexham. Alongside his career as a Prison Officer, he is a historian of modern Ireland. Next year he will be starting a PhD course researching the lives of Irish POW’s held by the British and Irish Governments from 1916 to 1924.
In this evening’s talk, he describes how in October 1914 a strange figure, travelling in disguise, took ship from New York bound for Germany. Only a decade before Sir Roger Casement had been heralded as one of the greatest diplomats and humanitarians of his age, knighted by King George V for his service to the British Empire. Now he was on a mission to defeat the very Empire to which he had once sworn allegiance. Casement's task, undertaken on behalf of the Irish Republican Brotherhood - and its American sister organisation: Clan Na Gael - was to raise and train a brigade of Irish prisoners of war who would form the backbone of a German invasion of Ireland, which, combined with a local rising, would establish an independent Irish Republic. Sir Roger's journey from Knight of the realm to public enemy number one was a globe spanning adventure taking him from the Congo to the Amazon via New York, Belfast, Dublin and Berlin, ending with humiliation and death at Pentonville Prison, condemned by his former friends and enemies alike. Why did Casement fail and what were Germany’s plans for Ireland following the Great War? Discover the answers in ‘England’s Difficulty is Irelands Opportunity; Roger Casement and the German-Irish Brigade’ on the 28th November at Spalding Baptist Church, Swan Street, Spalding, PE11 1BT.
Doors open 7.00pm for 7.30pm start (please ring the door-bell for entry). There is ample on-street parking outside the Church, and free refreshments will be served at the end of the event.
Those who attended Lincoln Branch will know this talk was presented there in September when we suffered an IT failure. You will be pleased to hear we have taken steps to ensure we don’t suffer a repeat of this at Spalding. So, if you missed this excellent talk at Lincoln, or would like to experience it in its full glory – Alex says he has some excellent visuals supporting the talk – please come along to Spalding where you will be made very welcome.
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Next Meeting TOMORROW – Lincoln & North Lincolnshire Branch, WFA – Monday, November 25th – Royal Naval Association Club, Coulson Road, Lincoln, LN6 7BG – 6.30 for 7.00pm start.
Steve Warburton presents “First in – Last Out, Brig-Gen C H T Lucas (87th Brigade, 29th Division) at Gallipoli”.
Steve Warburton hails from Peterborough and is a history teacher and experienced public speaker who has undertaken extensive research of the career of Brig-Gen C H T Lucas, which forms the basis of a number of talks. He is also a former Chairman of the Cambridgeshire Branch of the WFA.
In this evenings talk, Steve uses excerpts from CHTL’s diaries and letters home as well as photographs he took on the Gallipoli Peninsula, all in the context of a survey of the Campaign. CHTL was one of the 12 officers from the 29th Division who survived to experience the full Campaign from landing (April 1915) to evacuation (January 1916). CHTL went on to command the 87th Brigade until early 1918 when he was promoted to command the Machine Gun Training School, briefly returning to the 87th before being given a division in Autumn1918. In 1919 whilst commanding the Fermoy Brigade in Ireland he was captured by the IRA but escaped after several weeks in captivity.
The Gallipoli Campaign is, of course, very close and of great interest to us here in Lincolnshire. A party of us visited the Peninsula in 2022, travelling extensively over the area of the Campaign under the expert guidance of Dudley Giles and his Turkish colleague Bulant. This talk should, therefore, be of great interest and we would urge you to come along to the Royal Naval Association Club on the 25th to enjoy the convivial atmosphere of our meetings, make new friends and learn something new in the process. Doors open 6.30pm for 7.00pm start (new start time of 7.00 for 7.30 does not come into force until January) and there is ample parking behind the club, and on-street in front.
The following Monday night at 7pm, 2nd December, the Lincoln and North Lincs WFA branch will hold its annual Show and Tell evening. Entrance to this event is FREE and a Christmas buffet will be available to all attendees.
This event gives anyone with a Great War item of interest to take the floor for ten minutes and tell everyone about it. Past talks have included uniform items, medals, posters, weapons, books, postcards and letters, family ephemera, photographs and military insignia - everyone is welcome to attend at the Royal Naval Club whether you want to speak or just sit and listen.
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The next meeting of the Leadenham Military History Society will be held in January 2025. I will update with full details in due course.
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Speaking of the Leadenham Military History Society, their talk last week was about the 61st USAAF Carrier Group who were based at RAF Barkston Heath. Therefore, a well timed note from Mike Kennedy caught my eye regarding a service to be held on 18th December.
Mike writes; ' This request is for USAF attendance at a memorial unveiling ceremony on December 18th 11.00 at Sudbrook Moor Golf Club, Carlton Scroop NG32 3AT. Refreshments will be available.
This marks the 80th anniversary of a tragic mid-air collision of two Barkston Heath based US troop carrier aircraft over Carlton Scroop. This site was chosen to commemorate both crews as it is close to one of the crash sites where it can be maintained and has good public access.
The organiser has been in contact with various airbases without success apart from the lady detailed below who has arranged for two master sergeants to attend in dress uniform. They are hoping to boost the number of US personnel but haven't had any success.
Some detail from local historians: After a period of bad weather, December 18th 1944 found RAF Barkston Heath a hive of activity with over 70 troop carrier C-47s loaded with supplies for Northern France waiting for an 11.00am take off. Meanwhile two very experienced transport crews had been assigned to a local training flight to convert from C-47 transports to modified B-24 Liberators to carry fuel in bulk. Squadron commander Lt Col Frederick with his constant companion, Major Jerry, a Dalmatian dog joined his crew and instructor on the hardstanding next to war weary B-24 Lazy Lou. A second crew joined their instructor for a training flight in a C-109 tanker variant of a Liberator. Lazy Lou took off closely followed by the C-109 heading in a northerly direction towards Carlton Scroop before making their first turn approximately where the communications tower now stands on the edge of the heath.
During the turn they came into contact and the C-109 lost its tail controls and crashed immediately into the field adjacent to the Golf course narrowly missing the village school and exploded with the loss of all crew members. Children were at school when the blast caused the doors to fly open and windows rattle, they could see flames and smoke not realising what a narrow escape they had.
Lazy Lou lost both port propellers which fell on the railway line close to the A607 railway bridge. With only power on the starboard wing and its tail surface on fire they struggled to maintain altitude and headed for RAF Cranwell but the ground became higher at North Rauceby, their airspeed dropped causing a stall and they crash landed between High Wood and the A17 just short of the runway. There were 2 fatalities and 3 survivors with burns who were taken to nearby RAF Rauceby hospital.'
This sounds like a very worthwhile event to attend on 18th December. I hope that there is a good turn out Mike.
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Michael Doyle has once again sent this link for The Tiger newsletter for you to enjoy.
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David Williams, the Secretary of the Tank Memorial Ypres Salient Group writes; 'In addition to our regular Ceremonies there are occasions when we are invited to participate in other Remembrance Ceremonies within the Ypres Salient.
On this occasion we were invited to be part of the Pilgrimage organised by the British Torch of Remembrance, Belgium Branch.
The Ceremony was held in the town of Roeselare in the presence of the Town Dignitaries and our British Defence Attaché Group Captain John Dickson.
The Ceremony was attended by students from the Duke of York’s Royal Military School. This school is in Dover, Kent and has Day and Boarding facilities for students up to 18 years old.
The newsletter is an overview of the Town Ceremony and the Remembrance Ceremony that took place at the Roeselare Town CWGC Cemetery.
Our Appreciation was passed to our BTBB Hosts for their warm Welcome and Hospitality throughout the day.'
You can read the TMYS newsletter by clicking on the link below.
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On Wednesday 20th November, I was honoured and very pleased to be able to lay a wreath at the 107th anniversary of the Battle of Cambrai service held at the Tank Memorial on Tritton Road, Lincoln.
On this day in 1917, the Lincoln designed, and many built in the city, tank, went into battle for the first time under conditions that suited this new invention. Prior to November 1917, the tank had been used in small numbers on churned up ground in poor weather and with a long British artillery bombardment which warned the Germans to expect an attack.
At Cambrai, 474 of mainly the latest MKIV tanks were available for the first mass attack made in complete secrecy with no prior bombardment. British counter battery fire was very effective, German artillery batteries having been previously located by flash spotting and sound ranging methods prior to the attack. The terrain was un-cratered and dry, and with substantial overhead support from the Royal Flying Corps the tanks and supporting infantry smashed a deep wedge in the German lines in what we can say was the first 'all arms' offensive in history. Only the lack of clear communication on the day from the field to the high command in the rear, prevented a major British breakthrough.
The Germans recovered from the blow and in early December, launched a major counter offensive which recaptured much of the British gains. Nevertheless, the tank, for the first time had shown its worth and its capabilities.
The Lincoln Tank Memorial looked splendid in the snow and with a poppy display created in an art lesson from the pupils of the Sir Francis Hill school.
Detail from the memorial that honours the work of the female munitionettes employed at William Fosters during the war.
Detail from the memorial showing the blueprint of the original MKI tank that saw action on the Somme in September 1916.
Photo above courtesy of Ray Sellers.
William Fosters and Co. Lincoln tank production.
Oh to see a WWI tank on Lincoln High Street today!
We must never forget the role played by women on the Home Front. Female staff pose in front of a tank at Fosters factory.
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My good friend in Shetland who commented above, Jon Sandison, was busy on Remembrance Sunday and kindly writes; 'I was asked to lay a wreath locally here in Shetland on Sunday on behalf of the C.W.G.C. This is probably the first time I've done this at the local War Memorial since I was about 12 years old with the Boys Brigade'.
An interesting view of the memorial in Lerwick.
Jon is one before the cadet in cammo.
It looks like an impressive turn out Jon. Thank you for sharing with us. It is also worth bearing in mind, that there was a Shetland Company of Territorial Gordon Highlanders and men who were conscripted, but the main area of service for the Shetland lads was maritime - Royal Navy, Merchant Navy and of course fishing fleet.
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Unfortunately, I had to miss the FoLT Show and Tell evening last week as my youngest daughter was in Lincoln hospital for the day and was not discharged until 8pm. I was on taxi duty as her husband was at home holding the fort with their two youngsters.
However, every cloud has a silver lining, and when I picked her up, I was able to take a peek at the marvellous collection of war memorials that adorn the walls of the main corridor, including the newly re-hung Lincolnshire Yeomanry memorials that had been 'missing' for a number of years and were rededicated by the Lord Lieutenant back in June of this year.
Above - The Lincolnshire Yeomanry memorial panels.
Son of Alexander and Susan R. Stephen, of 23, Cranford Rd., Aberdeen. Born at Fyvie, Aberdeenshire.
Son of Leonard and Ellen Powell, of "Birtle", Nettleham Rd., Lincoln. Sydney's body was not identified, and today he is remembered on the Thiepval Memorial. He served with the 2nd Battalion and died on 1st November 1916.
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Last week I included a short piece and a photograph of Fergus Bowes Lyons and I was very pleased to get a response from Roger Frankish, who comments; 'Ref. The Hon. Fergus Bowes Lyon.
The headstone must be a fairly recent addition as I remember that CWGC searches would direct you to the Loos Memorial to the Missing. There is now a note to his search details for Quarry Cemetery, that his name will be removed from the Loos Memorial when the relevant panel is replaced.'
Yes, the CWGC erected the 'Buried Near This Spot' headstone in 2011 following evidence from the Bowes Lyon family archives. You can read the full CWGC story by clicking on this link
Captain The Hon. Fergus Bowes-Lyon | CWGC
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Last May, I was at Woodhall Spa show and met a chap called Karl Wright whose ancestor, Alfred Welch, had served and died with the Hertfordshire Regiment. I was therefore, delighted to put Karl in touch with the Herts At War project leader, Jonty Wild.
Karl was able to provide Jonty with details of Alfred's life and a photograph of him. I am pleased to say, that some six months later, Karl and Jonty are still in touch, and following their latest exchange of emails, Jonty has dropped me a line to bring me up to date with all of their news.
Karl and family members are heading to France in January to follow in Alfred's footsteps and to visit him at Knightsbridge Cemetery on the Somme. Karl had asked Jonty for some tips of places to visit etc. and this led Jonty to write the following; 'Knightsbridge is one of my favourite cemeteries, although, I usually visit for a man from Pirton who I have researched, It was a man from my old village - John Frederick Parsell – see attached. I see that he died on the same day as Alfred so it will give you some information as they seem to have shared the same fate. It can be a muddy walk to get there.
It is difficult to recommend Herts related things around there to visit as there would have been a lot of Herts activity. As an example, if you look at the spreadsheet attached you will see there are 16 Hertfordshire related men in Knightsbridge alone. Should you decide to photograph any of these, we would be grateful to receive the photographs.
A look at the Herts War Diary at http://www.hertsatwar.co.uk/archive/hertfordshire-regiment-resources/ might help decide where to go if you wish to follow Alfred’s footsteps, but there is not much information for the 9-10/9/1916.
Coincidentally, the Herts relieved the 17th Notts & Derby Regiment on the 10/10/1916 (after Alfred’s death), which is the regiment in which my Great Uncle, Edward Bretland, died, and on that day. Also, for reasons that probably deny logic, I believe that my uncle still lies in the area of the Newfoundland memorial – see attached for the reasons, if interested.'
I am sure Jonty that many of us are very interested in learning more about your Great Uncle. I have read Edward Bretland's life story (link 3 below) and it resonates with me on two fronts (a) The area in which he grew up is well known to me and (b), whenever I go to Ovillers Cemetery, there is one specific headstone of an "Unknown Suffolk" that I always make for in the belief that it is my Great Uncle Jack. Therefore, I know how Jonty feels when he is at Newfoundland Park.
Here are three links to click on.
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I finished last week by attaching a copy of a document detailing the British Army's casualties on a month by month basis throughout the duration of the Great War. I noted just how bloody the last year of the war, 1918, had been.
We are now indebted to Steve Williams who has very kindly turned the stark numbers into an easy to read bar chart. 1918 is in RED and Steve's super work confirms my thoughts.
IN MEMORIAM – The Lincolnshire Regiment 24th November.
1914
8594 Lance Corporal George Henry Antcliff, 2nd Battalion. Remembered on the Le Touret Memorial, France.
1915
10937 Private James Thompson, 7th Battalion. Buried in Menin Road South Military Cemetery, Belgium.
12635 Private W Speed, 7th Battalion. Buried in Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, Belgium.
4132 Private John Williams, 4th Battalion. Buried in Merville Communal Cemetery, France.
15020 Private Thomas Fowler, 6th Battalion. Remembered on the Helles Memorial, Gallipoli.
1916
7394 Sergeant F T Parsons, 8th Battalion, aged 33. Buried in Etaples Military Cemetery, France.
19264 Private Joseph Levi Chambers**, 8th Battalion, aged 16. Buried in Contay British Cemetery, France.
16027 Private William Tingle, 6th Battalion, aged 27. Remembered on the Thiepval Memorial, France.
11114 Private A White, 8th Battalion. Buried in St. Sever Cemetery, France.
16713 Private Richard Townsend, 8th Battalion, aged 20. Buried in Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, France.
18381 Private Harry Jones, 6th Battalion, aged 19. Buried in Hamel Military Cemetery, France.
16855 Private Ernest Carter, 8th Battalion. Remembered on the Thiepval Memorial, France.
1917
203660 Private E Horswood, 6th Battalion. Buried in Loos British Cemetery, France.
41568 Private William Wallbank, 2nd Battalion. Buried in Dozinghem Military Cemetery, Belgium
204189 Private C T Ball, 7th Battalion, aged 30. – Ditto. –
8145 Private C A Beare, 1st Battalion. Buried in Abney Park Cemetery, UK.
1918
52418 Private John Deakin, 7th Battalion, aged 19. Buried in St. Sever Cemetery Extension, France.
** Private Joseph Levi Chambers named above in 1916 is the second Lincolnshire Regiment soldier that I have come across as being aged 16. Prior to this discovery, I was only aware of George Dawson.
Last week, I noted that two war deaths on 17th November had been recorded by the CWGC as serving with the 14th and 16th battalions of the Lincolnshire Regiment, when in fact, no such battalions existed.
Charles Anderson kindly delved deeper for us and he writes; 'Morning Jonathan, yet another good read, re Gutteridge and Rowntree. It is my contention that this is an error by the CWGC, in as much that neither were members of the Lincolnshire Regiment, both had been transferred to the Labour Corps at the time of their deaths.
GUTTERIDGE G, [George].No entry in SDGW. 48967, Lincolnshire Regiment, 14th Bn. [sic], transf. to (16986) 29th Coy. Labour Corps. Son of John and Elizabeth Gutteridge, of 12, Lime Avenue, Huthwaite, Notts. Late of Loughboro', Leicestershire. Died of pneumonia 17 November 1918. Age 33 years old, Buried TERLINCTHUN BRITISH CEMETERY, WIMILLE. Grave XI. B. 16. Pas de Calais. France, Commemorated Huthwaite WM Not on Lincolnshire Regiment Roll of Honour WW1 Note no 14th Bn. Possibly should read 1st/4th Bn.
ROWNTREE Sam Clayton. Private. 39671. Lincolnshire Regiment. 16th Bn. [sic]. transf. to (19038) 32nd Coy. Labour Corps ( Labour Corps. 19038 formerly 42417 Kings Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in SDGW), Husband of Susan Nellie Rowntree, of 51, Sloane St., Ripley Ville, Bradford, Yorks.. enlisted Bradford. Killed in action 17 November 1917. Age 24 years old. Buried NEW IRISH FARM CEMETERY, grave XXVII C. 11. West-Vlaanderen, Belgium. Not commemorated on any known Lincolnshire memorial including Lincolnshire Regiment Roll of Honour WW1 {note no 16th Bn, possibly should read 1st/6th Bn,]
WE WILL REMEMBER THEM
Until next week,
Kind regards
Jonathan
Email me on: trenchlincs@gmail.com
© J C J D’Hooghe.
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